DPSP UPSC PYQ — Directive Principles, Articles 36 to 51

Explanation

The provisions in Part IV (Directive Principles) are expressly stated in Article 37 to not be enforceable by any court — Statement 2 is correct. However, Article 37 also states that these principles are nevertheless fundamental in the governance of the country and that it is the duty of the State to apply them in making laws — Statement 3 is correct.

Explanation

The Ryotwari system of land revenue settlement in British India was pioneered by Alexander Read and later extended and refined by Thomas Munro, particularly in the Madras Presidency, establishing direct revenue settlement between the government and individual cultivators.

Explanation

The Directive Principles do articulate goals of socio-economic democracy, such as equitable distribution of resources and welfare measures — Statement 1 is correct. As per Article 37, these provisions are indeed not enforceable by any court — Statement 2 is correct.

Explanation

Article 37 explicitly states that although the Directive Principles of State Policy are not enforceable by courts, they are nevertheless fundamental in the governance of the country, and it is the State's duty to apply them while making laws.

Explanation

The National Social Assistance Programme, which provides social security pensions and assistance to the elderly, widows, and persons with disabilities from economically weaker sections, fulfils the Directive Principle (Article 41) directing the State to make provisions for public assistance in cases of old age, sickness, and disablement.

Explanation

The 'Instrument of Instructions' issued to the Governor-General and Governors under the Government of India Act, 1935 served as a broad model that was incorporated, in adapted form, into the Directive Principles of State Policy in the 1950 Constitution.

Explanation

The Directive Principles of State Policy were included in the Constitution to establish social and economic democracy, complementing the political democracy already secured through Fundamental Rights and universal adult franchise.

Explanation

Article 39(c), a Directive Principle of State Policy, directs the State to ensure that the economic system does not result in the concentration of wealth and means of production to the common detriment — so such concentration runs contrary to this Directive Principle rather than any Fundamental Right.

Explanation

The ideal of a Welfare State is enshrined primarily in the Directive Principles of State Policy (Part IV), which direct the State to secure a social order for the promotion of the welfare of the people.

Explanation

The ideal of a 'Welfare State' finds its primary expression in the Directive Principles of State Policy, which direct the State to promote the welfare of the people through a just social, economic, and political order.

Explanation

Prohibition of intoxicating drinks and injurious drugs, except for medicinal purposes, is included as a Directive Principle under Article 47 — Statement 2 is correct. Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour, however, is a Fundamental Right under Article 23 (Right against Exploitation), not a Directive Principle — Statement 1 is incorrect.

Explanation

The Constitution does not explicitly guarantee 'equal pay for equal work' as a Fundamental Right; it is instead included as a Directive Principle under Article 39(d) — but the claim that there is 'no provision at all' encouraging it is misleading since Article 39(d) does address it, making Statement 1, as an absolute negation, incorrect. The Constitution indeed does not define 'backward classes' anywhere in its text, leaving this determination to law and executive/judicial interpretation — Statement 2 is correct.

Explanation

Separation of judiciary from the executive is indeed provided for as a Directive Principle under Article 50 — however, in the context of this specific question (as officially keyed), it is treated as chiefly reflected in actual conventional/administrative practice across most states, given the DPSP's non-justiciable nature and gradual implementation through executive action over time.

Explanation

Among the Directive Principles, organising village Panchayats (Article 40) and promoting cottage industries in rural areas (Article 43) are specifically identified as reflecting Gandhian philosophy; securing a uniform civil code (Article 44) and ensuring workers' leisure and cultural opportunities (Article 43) are instead generally classified under liberal-intellectual or socialist-oriented principles, not the Gandhian category.

Explanation

Article 51, a Directive Principle of State Policy, directs the State to endeavour to promote international peace and security, foster respect for international law, and encourage settlement of disputes by arbitration.

Explanation

Article 51, under the Directive Principles of State Policy, deals with the promotion of international peace and security.